Various ways by which P. falciparum parasite evades the immune system via secreted extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immunomodulation and

Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by parasitic

Complement in malaria: immune evasion strategies and role in

Maturation and substrate processing topography of the Plasmodium

Plasmodium falciparum infection reshapes the human microRNA

Extracellular vesicles in parasite survival

Kinetics measurement of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)-extracellular

Plasmodium falciparum infection reshapes the human microRNA

The role of vascular endothelium and exosomes in human protozoan

The immune response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria - The Lancet