Recruitment of toxin-like proteins with ancestral venom function supports endoparasitic lifestyles of Myxozoa [PeerJ]
Por um escritor misterioso
Last updated 19 setembro 2024
Cnidarians are the oldest lineage of venomous animals and use nematocysts to discharge toxins. Whether venom toxins have been recruited to support parasitic lifestyles in the Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa + Polypodium) is, however, unknown. To examine this issue we variously employed transcriptomic, proteomic, associated molecular phylogenies, and localisation studies on representative primitive and derived myxozoans (Malacosporea and Myxosporea, respectively), Polypodium hydriforme, and the free-living staurozoan Calvadosia cruxmelitensis. Our transcriptomics and proteomics analyses provide evidence for expression and translation of venom toxin homologs in myxozoans. Phylogenetic placement of Kunitz type serine protease inhibitors and phospholipase A2 enzymes reveals modification of toxins inherited from ancestral free-living cnidarian toxins, and that venom diversity is reduced in myxozoans concordant with their reduced genome sizes. Various phylogenetic analyses of the Kunitz-type toxin family in Endocnidozoa suggested lineage-specific gene duplications, which offers a possible mechanism for enhancing toxin diversification. Toxin localisation in the malacosporean Buddenbrockia plumatellae substantiates toxin translation and thus illustrates a repurposing of toxin function for endoparasite development and interactions with hosts, rather than for prey capture or defence. Whether myxozoan venom candidates are expressed in transmission stages (e.g. in nematocysts or secretory vesicles) requires further investigation.
PDF] Tentacle Transcriptome and Venom Proteome of the Pacific Sea Nettle, Chrysaora fuscescens (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)
PDF] Tissue-Specific Venom Composition and Differential Gene Expression in Sea Anemones
Neurotoxin localization to ectodermal gland cells uncovers an alternative mechanism of venom delivery in sea anemones
Recruitment of toxin-like proteins with ancestral venom function supports endoparasitic lifestyles of Myxozoa [PeerJ]
Phylogenetic tree of the Phospholipase A2 gene family. Numbers below
Adrian Jaimes-Becerra, PhD - Postdoctoral Researcher - Bioinformatician - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
PDF] Tissue-Specific Venom Composition and Differential Gene Expression in Sea Anemones
PDF] Parallel Evolution of Complex Centipede Venoms Revealed by Comparative Proteotranscriptomic Analyses
Comparison of Conotoxin Transcripts for C. sponsalis. Number of
PeerJ - King's College London, University of London Account Page
PDF] Solenodon genome reveals convergent evolution of venom in eulipotyphlan mammals
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